BER Performance of IM/DD FSO System with OOK using APD Receiver

In this paper, the performance of intensity-modulated with direct detection (IM/DD) free space optical (FSO) system using the on-off keying (OOK) and avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver is observed. The gamma-gamma model is used to describe the effect of atmospheric turbulence since it provides good agreement in the wide range of atmospheric conditions. In addition, the same FSO system with equal gain combining applied at the reception is analyzed. After theoretical derivation of the expression for the bit error rate (BER), the numerical integration with previously specified relative calculation error is performed. Numerical results are presented and confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. The effects of the FSO link and receiver parameters on the BER performance are discussed. The results illustrate that the optimal APD gain in the minimum BER sense depends considerably on the link distance, atmospheric turbulence strength and receiver temperature. In addition, the value of this optimal gain is slightly different in the case of spatial diversity application compared with single channel reception

The gamma-ray irradiation sensitivity and dosimetric information instability of RADFET dosimeter

The gamma-ray irradiation sensitivity to radiation dose range from 0.5 Gy to 5 Gy and post-irradiation annealing at room and elevated temperatures have been studied for p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (also known as radiation sensitive field effect transistors or pMOS dosimeters) with gate oxide thicknesses of 400 nm and 1 mm. The gate biases during the irradiation were 0 and 5 V and 5 V during the annealing. The radiation and the post-irradiation sensitivity were followed by measuring the threshold voltage shift, which was determined by using transfer characteristics in saturation and reader circuit characteristics. The dependence of threshold voltage shift DVT on absorbed radiation dose D and annealing time was assessed. The results show that there is a linear dependence between DVT and D during irradiation, so that the sensitivity can be defined as DVT/D for the investigated dose interval. The annealing of irradiated metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors at different temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 150°C was performed to monitor the dosimetric information loss. The results indicated that the dosimeters information is saved up to 600 hours at room temperature, whereas the annealing at 150°C leads to the complete loss of dosimetric information in the same period of time. The mechanisms responsible for the threshold voltage shift during the irradiation and the later annealing have been discussed also. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 17007

Application of pMOS Dosimeters in Radiotherapy

The results of a study on pMOS dosimeters manufactured by Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland and their sensitivity on radiation doses used in radiotherapy are presented. Firstly, we deal with analysis of defect precursors created by ionizing radiation, responsible for increase in fixed and switching traps, which are further responsible for threshold voltage shift as a dosimetric parameter. Secondly, influence of some parameters, such as gate bias during irradiation, gate oxide thickness and photons energies, on threshold voltage shift is presented. Fading of irradiated pMOS dosimeters and possible application of commercial MOSFETs in ionizing radiation dosimetry are also presented

Anaesthesia in Oral Surgery

U oralnoj se kirurgiji većina zahvata radi u lokalnoj anesteziji, samo 5-10% zahtijeva opću anesteziju. Svrha našega istraživanja bile su indikacije i komplikacije anestezije. U retrospektivnoj studiji, tijekom 2002., analizirali smo anestezirane bolesnike s oralno kirurškim zahvatima u KB ”Dubrava”. 528 bolesnika promatrali smo u vezi sa zahvatom i vrstom anestezije. Zahvati u anesteziji bili su: vađenje zuba 306, popravka zuba 65, alveotomija 121, incizija u usnoj šupljini 36. Većinom djeca i odrasle osobe s duševnom retardacijom. Inhalacijskoj anesteziji podvrgli smo 298 bolesnika, u balansiranoj anesteziji bilo ih je 197 i u potpunoj intravenoznoj (TIVA) 33. Osnovne indikacije za anesteziju u našoj bolnici su osobe s duševnom retardacijom 231, djeca mlađa od 5 godina 140, odrasli 121, upala u usnoj šupljini s komplikacijama 36. Kod anestezije su se pojavile ove komplikacije: bronhospazam u dva bolesnika, aritmije u tri bolesnika, povraćanje u dvojice i izgubljeni zub u jednoga bolesnika (koji je nađen u jednjaku). Od svih zahvata u oralnoj kirurgiji 5,8% ih je učinjeno u općoj anesteziji i komplikacije su se pojavile u 1,6% anesteziranih bolesnika.The majority of procedures in oral surgery are performed in the local anaesthesia. Only 5-10% are performed in general anaesthesia. Indications and complications of anaesthesia were examined in our study. In a retrospective study, during 2002, we analysed patients with procedures in oral surgery in the University Hospital Dubrava. 528 patients were divided according to anaesthesia and procedure. We performed these procedures in anaesthesia: dental extractions 306, dental treatment 65, alveotomy 121, incision in the oral cavity 36. Most of them were children and persons with mental retardation. Inhalation anaesthesia was performed in 298 patients, balanced anaesthesia in 197 pts and TIVA in 33. The basic indications for anaesthesia in our hospital were: persons with mental retardation 231, children under 5 years of age 140, adult 121, inflammation of the oral cavity with complications 36. We had the following complications: bronchospasm in two cases, arrhythmia three cases, vomiting two cases and in one case lost tooth (it was found in oesophagi). Our results show that 5,8% of all procedures in oral surgery were in general anaesthesia and complications occured in 1.6 %

Induction motor IFOC based speed-controlled drive with asymptotic disturbance compensation

This paper presents the design of digitally controlled speed electrical drive, with the asymptotic compensation of external disturbances, implemented by using the IFOC (Indirect Field Oriented Control) torque controlled induction motor. The asymptotic disturbance compensation is achieved by using the DOB (Disturbance Observer) with the IMP (Internal Model Principle). When compared to the existing IMP-based DOB solutions, in this paper the robust stability and disturbance compensation are improved by implementing the minimal order DOB filter. Also, the IMP-based DOB design is improved by employing the asymptotic compensation of all elemental or more complex external disturbances. The dynamic model of the IFOC torque electrical drive is, also, included in the speed-controller and DOB section design. The simulation and experimental measurements presented in the paper illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme

Radiographic cephalometry assessment of the linear and angular parameters on cranial base in children with skeletal class III

Background/Aim. In malocclusion of skeletal class III, mandible is located in front of maxilla in sagital plain, which is manifested by a lower value of the sagital inter-jaw angle than in skeletal class I, where the jaw sagital relation is normal. Apart from the deformities on mandible and/or maxilla, in skeletal class III deformities are also frequent on the cranial base. The aim of this research was to find the differences in the parameter values on the cranial base among the children with skeletal class III and the children with skeletal class I in the period of mixed dentition. Methods. After clinical examination and orthopan-tomography, profile radiography of the head was analyzed in 60 examinees, aged from 6−12 years. The examinees were divided into two groups: group 1 - the children with skeletal class III; group 2 - the children with skeletal class I. Both linear and angular parameters on the cranial base were measured, as well as the angles of maxillary and mandible prognatism and the angle of sagital inter-jaw relation. The level of difference in the parameter values between the groups was estimated and the degree of correlation of the main angle of the cranial base with the angles of sagital position of the jaws in each of the two groups was established. Results. A significant difference between the groups was found only in the average values of the angles of maxillary prognatism and sagital interjaw relation. In the group 1, the main angle of the cranial base was in a significant correlation with the angles of sagital positions of the jaws, while in the group 2, such significance was not found. Conclusion. There were no significant differences in the parameter values on the cranial base between the groups. There was a significant correlation of the main angle of the cranial base with the angles of sagital position of the jaws in the group 1 only.

Uticaj inokulacije soje na mikrobiološku aktivnost zemljišta

Soil fertility is associated with the activity of soil microflora, which in its turn depends on the content of organic matter in soil, soil moisture, temperature and pH, mineral nutrition, effectiveness of nodular bacteria and the crop grown. An experiment was established in 2002 at Rimski Šančevi experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in which the soybean variety Afrodita was treated with microbial fertilizers NS-Nitragin and BactoFil B. The soybean variety and NS-Nitragin have been developed at the Institute, while BactoFil B comes from Hungary. The experimental design was random blocks with four replications. Each replication consisted of six 5-m rows spaced 0.5 m apart. Seed inoculation variants were: noninoculated control (Ø); inoculation with NS-Nitragin for soybean (N) immediately before planting; inoculation with NS-Nitragin and BaktoFil B incorporation in soil (N+Bac.B). We monitored the effect of inoculation on soil biological activity and effectiveness of the symbiotic association. The microbial fertilizers NS-Nitragin and BactoFil B positively affected the presence of the analyzed microbial groups in the soil. The microbial fertilizers improved the agrochemical and biological properties of the soil. The incorporation of the microorganisms also affected the effectiveness of the symbiotic association. Soybean yield was highest in the variant of inoculation with NS-Nitragin and BactoFil B incorporation in the soil. .Plodnost zemljišta vezana je sa aktivnošću njene mikroflore, koja zavisi od sadržaja organske materije u zemljištu, vlažnosti zemljišta, temperature, pH sredine, mineralne ishrane, efektivnosti kvržičnih bakterija kao i od biljke domaćina. Na Oglednim poljima Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima u toku 2002 godine je postavljen ogled sa sojom (Afrodita) uz primenu mikrobiološkog đubriva NS-Nitragina i BactoFila B. Genotip soje poreklom je iz Instituta kao i mikrobiološki preparat NS-Nitragin za soju, a BactoFil B poreklom je iz Mađarske Ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u 4 ponavljanja, svako ponavljanje sadržalo je šest redova, dužine 5m, razmak između redova bio je 0,5m. Varijante inokulacije semena su bile: kontrolna (Ø) (neinokulisana); varijanta inokulisano seme neposredno pred setvu NS-Nitraginom za soju (N); inokulisano seme sa NS-Nitraginom i inkorporirani BaktoFil B u zemljište (N+Bac.B) Praćen je efekat inokulacije na biološku aktivnost zemljišta i efektivnost simbiotske zajednice. Mikrobiološka đubriva NS-Nitragin i BactoFil B utiču pozitivno na zastupljenost ispitivanih grupa mikroorganizama u zemljištu. Primenom mikrobioloških đubriva poboljšavaju se agrohemijske i biološke osobine zemljišta, unošenjem mikroorganizama koji obavljaju određene procese u zemljištu utiče se i na efektivnost simbiotske zajednice. Prinos zrna soje najveći je kod inokulacije semena sa NS-Nitraginom i inkorporiranim BactoFilom B u zemljište.

Cvm study of charge transfer in YBa2Cu3O6+x material

The number of positive holes transferred from the CuOx basal planes to the superconducting CuO2 planes of YBa2Cu3O6+x material was calculated as a function of oxygen content x, by the use of numerical cluster variation method (CVM). The calculations were performed for the set of three different temperatures and for the different values of the parameter ξl which represents the ratio of the number m of divalent oxygen ions in the chain fragment and the total number l of oxygen ions in the chain fragment. The obtained hole count versus x dependence showed no plateau behavior for low temperatures (t=0.25 and t=0.35) while for t=0.45 indication of plateau behavior is present.Physical chemistry 2006 : 8th international conference on fundamental and applied aspects of physical chemistry; Belgrade (Serbia); 26-29 September 200

Orthodontic Treatment of Dentofacial Deformities

Međučeljusni nesklad stvara velike probleme pacijentima i estetski i funkcionalno. Razlog dolaska pacijenata u Kliniku uglavnom je estetske naravi, jer se radi o mlađim osobama, a funkicionalne su smjetnje u drugome planu. Uzimanje hrane, govor i disanje u takvih su osoba znatno otežani. Prikazat ćemo jedan od slučajeva liječenje kombiniranoga dentofacijalnog deformiteta: PROGNATHISMUS ET LATEROGNATHISMUS MANDIBULARIS. Pacijentica, 34 godine. Iz anamnestičkih podataka nismo saznali da sličnih problema ima u obitelji. Motiv dolaska na Kliniku bio je estetske naravi, premda se je pacijentica žalila na bolove u oba čeljusna zgloba, otežano uzimanje hrane i na nešto teži izgovor pojedinih glasova. Plan liječenja donesen je na osnovi sljedećih potanko provedenih postupaka: • raščlamba lica rađena je na osnovi fotogarafija napravljenih iz profila i en face • raščlamba okluzije učinjena je na studijskim modelima • rentgenkefalometrijska raščlamba profilnog i AP kraniograma učinjena računalom i ručno samo je potvrdila već spomenutu dijagnozu Liječenje je provedeno isključivo intraoralnom i ekstraoralnim ortodontskim napravama te smo smatrali korisnim iznijeti naša iskustva ovakvim načinom liječenja. Izgled pacijentice nakon liječenja vidi se na slikama. Ponovne kefalometrijske raščlambe rađene su nakon završetka liječenja. Svi parametri su u granicama normale, kako se vidi iz tabele s prikazanim vrijednostima prije i poslije liječenja. Raščlambe mekih česti pacijentice također pokazuju znatne promjene, a odnosi nos, gornja usnica, donja usnica i brada veoma su dobri. Dentofacijalni deformiteti danas se vrlo uspješno rješavaju. Dobre studijske raščlambe, na osnovi kojih se određuje plan liječenja, jamstvo su uspješnoga liječenja. Vrlo malo je ostalo tajni u liječenju dentofacijalnih deformiteta, ali ona od terapeuta traži visoku profesionalnost i učinkovitost.Disharmony of the jaws presents a great aesthetic and functional problem for patients. The reason for reporting to a clinic is mainly of an aesthetic nature, since most commonly young people are involved, while functional disturbances remain secondary. Such persons have difficulty eating, speaking and breathing. We will present one case of combined dentofacial deformity: PROGNATHISMUS ET LATEROGNATHISMUS MANDIBULARIS. Female patient, 34 years old. From anamnestic data we did not find out whether there were similar problems in the family. The motive for reporting to the clinic was aesthetics, although the patient complained of pain in both temporomandibular joints, difficulty eating and somewhat more difficult pronunciation of certain vocals. A treatment plan was based on: • Analysis of the face, based on profile and en face photographs. • Analysis of occlusion, based on study models. • Roentgen-cephalometry of the profile and AP craniogram, performed on a computer as well as manually, confirmed the above mentioned diagnosis. The treatment was performed exclusively with intraoral and extraoral orthodontic appliances, and we therefore believe that it would be useful to present our experience with such a treatment method. The appearance of the patient after treatment can be seen on the photographs. Repeated cephalometric analyses were performed after completion of the treatment. All parameters were within normal limits, as can be seen from the table presenting pre- and post treatment values. Analysis of the soft tissues also shows significant changes, and relations between the nose, upper lip, lower lip and chin are very good. Today dentofacial deformities are successfully solved. Good study analyses, which serve as the base for planning treatment, guarantee successful treatment. There are very few secrets in ortognatic treatment, but it still requires high professionalism and effectivness